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expand one's influence

  • 1 to expand one's influence

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to expand one's influence

  • 2 influence

    1. n
    (on / with smb) влияние; воздействие (на кого-л.)

    influence declines / diminishes / wanes — влияние падает

    to be under the influence — 1) быть / находиться под влиянием 2) быть в состоянии алкогольного опьянения

    to bolster one's influence — усиливать свое влияние

    to come under smb's influence — попадать под чье-л. влияние

    to counteract smb's influence — противодействовать чьему-л. влиянию

    to curb smb's influence — сдерживать / ограничивать чье-л. влияние

    to diminish smb's influence on smbуменьшать чье-л. влияние на кого-л.

    to erode smb's influence — подрывать чье-л. влияние

    to expand one's influence — расширять свое влияние

    to extend smb's influence over a country — распространять чье-л. влияние на какую-л. страну

    to flaunt one's influence — афишировать свое влияние

    to have influence over / with smbиметь влияние на кого-л.

    to hold smb's influence in check — препятствовать чьему-л. влиянию

    to intercept smb's influence — препятствовать чьему-л. воздействию; не допускать чьего-л. влияния / воздействия

    to lessen smb's influence on smbуменьшать чье-л. влияние на кого-л.

    to neutralize smb's influence — нейтрализовать чье-л. влияние

    to offset smb's influence — нейтрализовать чье-л. влияние; противостоять чьему-л. влиянию

    to peddle one's influence — распространять свое влияние

    to reduce smb's influence on smbуменьшать чье-л. влияние на кого-л.

    to restrain / to restrict influence — ограничивать влияние

    to spread one's influence — распространять свое влияние

    to strengthen one's influence — усиливать влияние

    to use one's influence — использовать свое влияние

    to weaken smb's influence — ослаблять чье-л. влияние

    to wield ( one's) influence — иметь влияние, пользоваться влиянием

    - backstage influence
    - back-stairs influence
    - behind-the-scenes influence
    - beneficial influence
    - corrupting influence
    - cultural influence
    - decisive influence
    - decline of influence
    - direct influence
    - economic influence
    - growing influence
    - growth of influence
    - ideological influence
    - increasing influence
    - influence of ideas
    - loss of personal influence
    - man of influence
    - marked influence
    - means of ideological influence
    - measures of ideological influence
    - political influence
    - power of public influence
    - power of social influence
    - profound influence
    - psychological influence
    - public influence
    - scramble for influence
    - social influence
    - strong influence
    - undue influence
    - vestiges of influence
    - waning influence
    - worldwide influence
    2. v
    влиять (на кого-л.), влиять (на что-л.)

    to influence smb by one's example — воздействовать на кого-л. силой примера

    Politics english-russian dictionary > influence

  • 3 expand

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > expand

  • 4 expand

    n
    1. розширювати; розвивати; поширювати
    2. розширюватися; розвиватися; поширюватися
    - to expand cultural exchanges розширювати/ розвивати культурний обмін
    - to expand one's influence поширювати свій вплив
    - to expand military presence збільшити військову присутність, нарощувати збройні сили

    English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > expand

  • 5 expand

    expand [ɪkˈspænd]
    [+ business, trade, ideas] développer ; [+ production] augmenter ; [+ influence, empire] étendre
       a. [gas, liquid, metal] se dilater ; [business, trade, ideas] se développer ; [influence, empire] s'étendre ; [knowledge] s'élargir
    * * *
    [ɪk'spænd] 1.
    1) gen développer; élargir [horizon, knowledge]; accroître [production, workforce]; étendre [empire]; gonfler [lungs]
    2) Mathematics, Computing développer
    2.
    intransitive verb gen se développer; [population, production] s'accroître; [universe, market, economy] être en expansion; [metal] se dilater; [institution] s'agrandir; [chest] se gonfler
    3.
    expanded past participle adjective [programme] élargi
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > expand

  • 6 expand

    1. intransitive verb
    1) (get bigger) sich ausdehnen; [Unternehmen, Stadt, Staat:] expandieren; [Institution:] erweitert werden
    2)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (enlarge) ausdehnen; erweitern [Horizont, Wissen]; dehnen [Körper]
    2) (Commerc.): (develop) erweitern
    3) (amplify) weiter ausführen [Gedanken, Notiz, Idee]
    * * *
    (to make or grow larger; to spread out wider: Metals expand when heated; He does exercises to expand his chest; The school's activities have been expanded to include climbing and mountaineering.) ausdehnen
    - academic.ru/25704/expanse">expanse
    - expansion
    * * *
    ex·pand
    [ɪkˈspænd, ek-]
    I. vi
    1. (increase) zunehmen, expandieren; population, trade wachsen; horizon, knowledge sich akk erweitern
    2. ECON expandieren
    our company is \expanding into other markets unsere Firma dringt in weitere Märkte vor
    3. PHYS (swell) gas, liquids, metal sich akk ausdehnen, expandieren
    4. (become sociable) aus sich dat herausgehen, locker werden
    II. vt
    to \expand sth
    1. (make larger) business, trade etw erweitern [o ausweiten] [o ausdehnen] [o ausbauen]
    to \expand one's exports den Export ausdehnen
    to \expand the programme das Programm erweitern
    to \expand one's retail operations den Einzelhandel ausweiten
    2. PHYS gas, liquids, metal etw ausdehnen
    3. (elaborate) reasoning, arguments etw weiter ausführen
    to \expand a concept/an idea ein Konzept/eine Idee ausarbeiten
    4. MATH
    to \expand sth into factors etw in Faktoren zerlegen
    * * *
    [ɪk'spnd]
    1. vt
    metal, gas, liquid, empire, chest ausdehnen, expandieren; business, trade, production erweitern, expandieren; knowledge, mind, algebraic formula, membership erweitern; influence, experience vergrößern; summary, notes weiter ausführen; ideas entwickeln
    2. vi
    (solids, gases, liquids, universe) sich ausdehnen, expandieren; (business, trade, economy, empire) expandieren, wachsen; (volume of trade, exports, production) zunehmen, expandieren; (knowledge, experience, influence) zunehmen, wachsen; (fields of knowledge, study, mind) breiter werden; (horizons) sich erweitern

    we've expanded into the European marketwir sind in den europäischen Markt vorgedrungen

    * * *
    expand [ıkˈspænd]
    A v/t
    1. ausbreiten, -spannen, entfalten
    2. WIRTSCH, PHYS etc, auch fig ausdehnen, -weiten, erweitern:
    expanded program(me) erweitertes Programm
    3. eine Abkürzung (voll) ausschreiben
    4. MATH eine Gleichung entwickeln
    B v/i
    1. PHYS etc, auch fig sich ausdehnen oder erweitern, WIRTSCH auch expandieren:
    his heart expanded with joy sein Herz schwoll vor Freude
    2. fig sich entwickeln, aufblühen ( beide:
    into zu)
    3. fig
    a) (vor Stolz, Freude etc) aufblühen
    b) aus sich herausgehen
    4. expand (up)on expatiate 1
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) (get bigger) sich ausdehnen; [Unternehmen, Stadt, Staat:] expandieren; [Institution:] erweitert werden
    2)
    2. transitive verb
    1) (enlarge) ausdehnen; erweitern [Horizont, Wissen]; dehnen [Körper]
    2) (Commerc.): (develop) erweitern
    3) (amplify) weiter ausführen [Gedanken, Notiz, Idee]
    * * *
    v.
    ausweiten v.
    erweitern v.
    expandieren v.

    English-german dictionary > expand

  • 7 ♦ (to) expand

    ♦ (to) expand /ɪkˈspænd/
    A v. t.
    1 allargare; dilatare; gonfiare: The excessive heat had expanded the rails, l'eccessivo calore aveva dilatato le rotaie; to expand one's chest, gonfiare il petto
    2 espandere; allargare; ampliare; estendere: He is trying to expand his business, cerca di ampliare il suo giro d'affari; Education expands the minds of children, l'istruzione allarga la mente dei ragazzi; to expand one's influence, estendere il proprio raggio d'influenza; (fin.) to expand one's holdings, aumentare il numero delle proprie partecipazioni azionarie
    3 distendere; spiegare: The eagle expanded its wings, l'aquila ha spiegato le ali
    4 sviluppare ( un concetto, ecc.); approfondire ( un argomento)
    B v. i.
    1 allargarsi; dilatarsi: Most substances expand if you warm them up, la maggior parte delle sostanze si dilata se le si riscalda; Lake Garda expands there, il lago di Garda s'allarga in quel punto
    2 espandersi; ampliarsi; crescere: Our trade will expand rapidly, il nostro commercio si espanderà rapidamente
    3 distendersi; spiegarsi; ( di fiori) schiudersi: His features expanded in a broad smile, il viso gli si distese in un largo sorriso
    4 (fig. fam.) diventare espansivo (o cordiale); aprirsi
    5 to expand on, diffondersi su, sviluppare ( un argomento, ecc.); approfondire
    expandable
    a.
    espansibile; dilatabile
    expander
    n.
    1 tenditore; estensore
    2 (mecc.) espansore; allargatubi; mandrino.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) expand

  • 8 ♦ (to) expand

    ♦ (to) expand /ɪkˈspænd/
    A v. t.
    1 allargare; dilatare; gonfiare: The excessive heat had expanded the rails, l'eccessivo calore aveva dilatato le rotaie; to expand one's chest, gonfiare il petto
    2 espandere; allargare; ampliare; estendere: He is trying to expand his business, cerca di ampliare il suo giro d'affari; Education expands the minds of children, l'istruzione allarga la mente dei ragazzi; to expand one's influence, estendere il proprio raggio d'influenza; (fin.) to expand one's holdings, aumentare il numero delle proprie partecipazioni azionarie
    3 distendere; spiegare: The eagle expanded its wings, l'aquila ha spiegato le ali
    4 sviluppare ( un concetto, ecc.); approfondire ( un argomento)
    B v. i.
    1 allargarsi; dilatarsi: Most substances expand if you warm them up, la maggior parte delle sostanze si dilata se le si riscalda; Lake Garda expands there, il lago di Garda s'allarga in quel punto
    2 espandersi; ampliarsi; crescere: Our trade will expand rapidly, il nostro commercio si espanderà rapidamente
    3 distendersi; spiegarsi; ( di fiori) schiudersi: His features expanded in a broad smile, il viso gli si distese in un largo sorriso
    4 (fig. fam.) diventare espansivo (o cordiale); aprirsi
    5 to expand on, diffondersi su, sviluppare ( un argomento, ecc.); approfondire
    expandable
    a.
    espansibile; dilatabile
    expander
    n.
    1 tenditore; estensore
    2 (mecc.) espansore; allargatubi; mandrino.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) expand

  • 9 влияние влияни·е

    influence, effect, impact; (особ. политическое) leverage

    выйти из-под влияния — to get beyond / out of control

    оказывать влияние на чьё-л. мнение — to bias smb.'s opinion

    оказывать отрицательное / положительное влияние — to bias for the worse / for the better

    ослабить влияние — to diminish / to lessen / to reduce one's influence (on)

    поддаваться влиянию, попасть под влияние — to fall / to come under the influence (of), to be influenced (by)

    пользоваться (большим) влиянием — to have (a lot of) influence; to carry (a lot of) weight

    противодействовать чьему-л. влиянию — to counteract smb.'s influence

    распространять своё влияние — to spread / to extend one's influence

    усилить влияние — to consolidate / to strengthen one's influence (on)

    благотворное влияние — salutary / wholesome influence

    большое (политическое) влияние — clout

    возрастающее влияние — increasing / growing influence

    закулисное влияние — behind-the-scenes / backstairs influence

    идейное / идеологическое влияние — ideological influence

    непосредственное влияние — direct / immediate influence

    огромное влияние — enormous / tremendous influence

    пагубное влияние — disastrous / pernicious influence

    стабилизирующее влияние — stabilizing / steadying influence

    тлетворное влияние — pernicious / corrupting influence

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > влияние влияни·е

  • 10 extender

    v.
    1 to spread (out) (tela, plano, alas).
    me extendió la mano she held out her hand to me
    2 to spread (mantequilla).
    3 to extend, to widen.
    extendieron el castigo a todos los alumnos the punishment was extended to include all the pupils
    María extendió el mapa Mary extended the map.
    María extendió el discurso Mary extended the discourse.
    El banco extendió el plazo The bank extended the deadline.
    4 to draw up (document).
    le extenderé un cheque I'll write you (out) a check, I'll make out a check to you
    5 to outstretch, to spread-eagle.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender
    1 (mapa, papel) to spread (out), open (out)
    2 (brazo etc) to stretch (out); (alas) to spread
    3 (mantequilla etc) to spread
    4 (documento) to draw up; (cheque) to make out; (pasaporte, certificado) to issue
    5 figurado (hacer mayor) to extend, enlarge
    6 figurado (idea, creencia, noticia) to spread
    1 (durar) to extend, last
    el periodo que estudiaremos se extiende entre los siglos XVIII y XIX the period we're going to study goes from the 18th century to the 19th century
    2 (terreno) to stretch
    3 figurado (difundirse) to spread, extend
    4 figurado (al hablar) to enlarge, expand, go into detail
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=desplegar) [+ manta, mantel] to spread out; [+ alas] to spread, stretch out; [+ brazo, pierna, tentáculo] to stretch out

    extendió el mapa encima de la mesahe opened out o spread out the map on the table

    la corriente del Golfo extiende su acción beneficiosa hasta el norte de Europa — the beneficial effects of the Gulf Stream reach as far as northern Europe

    extender la mano a algn — to hold out one's hand to sb, extend one's hand to sb frm

    2) (=esparcir) [+ sellos, arena] to lay out, spread out

    extendimos el tabaco al solwe laid o spread the tobacco out in the sun

    3) (=untar) [+ crema, mantequilla] to spread
    4) (=difundir) [+ noticia, rumor] to spread; [+ influencia, poder] to extend
    5) frm (=rellenar) [+ cheque, receta] to make out, write out; [+ certificado] to issue

    extendí un cheque a su nombreI made out o wrote out a cheque to him

    6) (=ampliar) [+ oferta, contrato] to extend
    7) (Téc) [+ alambre] to draw
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <periódico/mapa> to open... up o out
    2) < brazos> to stretch out; < alas> to spread
    3) <pintura/mantequilla> to spread
    4) ( ampliar) <poderes/influencia> to broaden, extend; <plazo/permiso> to extend
    5) (frml) <factura/cheque> to issue (frml); < receta> to make out, write; <documento/escritura> to issue

    ¿a nombre de quién extiendo el cheque? — to whom do I make the check payable?

    2.
    extenderse v pron
    a) (propagarse, difundirse) fuego/epidemia/noticia to spread
    b) (abarcar, ocupar) territorio stretch
    c) influencia/autoridad to extend
    a) época/período to last
    b) (en explicación, discurso)

    se extendió demasiado en or sobre ese tema — he spent too much time on that subject

    ¿quisiera extenderse en or sobre ese punto? — would you like to expand on that point?

    * * *
    = broaden, extend, lengthen, widen, stretch, unfold, stretch out.
    Ex. The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.
    Ex. The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.
    Ex. It is needless to lengthen the list.
    Ex. The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.
    Ex. He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.
    Ex. This algorithm handles cyclic graphs without unfolding the cycles nor looping through them.
    Ex. Everyone knows the benefits of stretching out both before and after your workouts.
    ----
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * extender la influencia = spread + influence.
    * extender la mano = put out + Posesivo + hand, reach out, put forth + Posesivo + hand.
    * extender la mano para coger algo = hand + reach for.
    * extenderse = spread (over/throughout), gain + currency, spread over, take off, catch on, ricochet, sweep through, sprawl.
    * extenderse a = pervade.
    * extenderse a modo de abanico = fan out.
    * extenderse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * extenderse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.
    * extenderse de... a... = stretch from... to....
    * extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extender un cheque = issue + check.
    * que se extiende sobre una zona muy amplia = sprawling.
    * reputación + extenderse = reputation + spread.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <periódico/mapa> to open... up o out
    2) < brazos> to stretch out; < alas> to spread
    3) <pintura/mantequilla> to spread
    4) ( ampliar) <poderes/influencia> to broaden, extend; <plazo/permiso> to extend
    5) (frml) <factura/cheque> to issue (frml); < receta> to make out, write; <documento/escritura> to issue

    ¿a nombre de quién extiendo el cheque? — to whom do I make the check payable?

    2.
    extenderse v pron
    a) (propagarse, difundirse) fuego/epidemia/noticia to spread
    b) (abarcar, ocupar) territorio stretch
    c) influencia/autoridad to extend
    a) época/período to last
    b) (en explicación, discurso)

    se extendió demasiado en or sobre ese tema — he spent too much time on that subject

    ¿quisiera extenderse en or sobre ese punto? — would you like to expand on that point?

    * * *
    = broaden, extend, lengthen, widen, stretch, unfold, stretch out.

    Ex: The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.

    Ex: The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.
    Ex: It is needless to lengthen the list.
    Ex: The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.
    Ex: He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.
    Ex: This algorithm handles cyclic graphs without unfolding the cycles nor looping through them.
    Ex: Everyone knows the benefits of stretching out both before and after your workouts.
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * extender la influencia = spread + influence.
    * extender la mano = put out + Posesivo + hand, reach out, put forth + Posesivo + hand.
    * extender la mano para coger algo = hand + reach for.
    * extenderse = spread (over/throughout), gain + currency, spread over, take off, catch on, ricochet, sweep through, sprawl.
    * extenderse a = pervade.
    * extenderse a modo de abanico = fan out.
    * extenderse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * extenderse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.
    * extenderse de... a... = stretch from... to....
    * extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extender un cheque = issue + check.
    * que se extiende sobre una zona muy amplia = sprawling.
    * reputación + extenderse = reputation + spread.

    * * *
    extender [E8 ]
    vt
    A ‹periódico/mapa› to open … up o out
    extendió la toalla sobre la arena he spread the towel out on the sand
    B ‹brazos› to stretch out; ‹alas› to spread
    le extendió la mano he held out his hand to her
    C ‹pintura/mantequilla/pegamento› to spread
    extender bien la crema por todo el rostro y cuello spread the cream over the face and neck
    D (ampliar) ‹poderes/influencia› to broaden, extend; ‹plazo/permiso› to extend
    quiere extender su esfera de influencia he wants to broaden o extend o expand his sphere of influence
    se habla de extender estas reformas a los institutos privados there is talk of these reforms being extended to (apply to) private schools
    E ( frml); ‹factura› to issue ( frml); ‹cheque› to issue ( frml), to make out, write, write out; ‹receta› to make out, write; ‹documento/escritura› to issue
    ¿a nombre de quién extiendo el cheque? to whom do I make the check payable?, who do I make o write the check out to?
    1 (propagarse, difundirse) «fuego/epidemia» to spread; «tumor» to spread; «noticia/costumbre/creencia» to spread
    la humedad se ha extendido a la habitación de al lado the dampness has spread to the next room
    2 (abarcar, ocupar) «territorio» stretch; «influencia/autoridad» to extend
    se extiende hasta el río it extends o stretches down to the river
    inmensos campos de olivos se extendían ante nuestros ojos ( liter); vast olive groves stretched out before us
    extenderse A algo to extend TO sth
    mis conocimientos no se extienden a ese campo my knowledge does not extend to that field
    1 «época/período» to last
    el período que se extiende hasta la Revolución Francesa the period up to the French Revolution
    el invierno se ha extendido mucho this winter has gone on o lasted a long time, it has been a long winter
    2
    (en una explicación, un discurso): ya nos hemos extendido bastante sobre este tema we have already spent enough time on this subject
    ¿quisiera extenderse sobre ese punto? would you like to expand o enlarge on that point?
    * * *

     

    extender ( conjugate extender) verbo transitivo
    1periódico/mapa› to open … up o out;
    mantel/toallato spread … out
    2 brazos to stretch out;
    alas to spread;

    3pintura/mantequilla to spread
    4 ( ampliar) ‹poderes/plazo/permiso to extend
    5 (frml) ‹factura/cheque/escritura to issue;
    receta to make out, write
    extenderse verbo pronominal
    1 ( en el espacio)
    a) [fuego/epidemia/noticia] to spread

    b) [territorio/propiedad] to stretch;


    c) [influencia/autoridad] to extend;

    extenderse a algo to extend to sth
    2 ( en el tiempo)
    a) [época/debate] to last

    b) [ persona]:


    ¿quisiera extenderse sobre ese punto? would you like to expand on that point?
    extender verbo transitivo
    1 to extend
    (un territorio) to enlarge
    2 (desplegar, estirar) to spread (out), open (out)
    (una mano, las piernas, etc) to stretch (out)
    3 (untar) to spread
    4 (expedir) (un cheque) to make out
    (un documento) to draw up
    (un certificado) to issue
    ' extender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alargar
    - ampliar
    - extensor
    - extensora
    - generalizar
    - repartir
    - tender
    English:
    enlarge
    - expand
    - extend
    - go
    - make out
    - open out
    - prolong
    - roll out
    - shoot out
    - spread
    - stretch
    - thrust out
    - unfold
    - write
    - write out
    - stick
    * * *
    vt
    1. [tela, plano, periódico] to spread (out);
    [brazos, piernas] to stretch out; [alas] to spread (out);
    extendió el mantel sobre la hierba he spread the blanket (out) on the grass;
    me extendió la mano she held out her hand to me
    2. [mantequilla, pegamento, barniz] to spread;
    [objetos] to spread out
    3. [ampliar] to extend, to widen;
    extendieron el castigo a todos los alumnos the punishment was extended to include all the pupils
    4. [documento] to draw up;
    [cheque] to make out, to write (out); [certificado] to issue; [factura] to make out; [receta] to write (out);
    le extenderé un cheque I'll write you (out) a cheque, I'll make out a cheque to you
    5. [prolongar] to prolong, to extend
    6. [propagar] to spread;
    extender una creencia to spread a belief
    * * *
    v/t
    1 brazos stretch out; tela, papel spread out;
    me extendió la mano she held out her hand to me
    2 ( untar) spread
    3 ( ampliar) extend
    * * *
    extender {56} vt
    1) : to spread out, to stretch out
    2) : to broaden, to expand
    extender la influencia: to broaden one's influence
    3) : to draw up (a document), to write out (a check)
    * * *
    1. (repartir) to spread [pt. & pp. spread]
    2. (desplegar) to spread out
    3. (ampliar) to extend
    4. (brazo, etc) to stretch out

    Spanish-English dictionary > extender

  • 11 разширявам

    1. (улица и пр.) widen, broaden
    (дреха) widen, let out
    мед. dilate
    физ. expand
    разширявам границите на extend/expand/enlarge/broaden the frontiers/boundaries of
    разширявам очи open o.'s eyes wide
    2. прен. widen, broaden, extend, expand, enlarge
    (изводи и пр.) fill out
    разширявам влиянието/връзките си extend o.'s influence/ties
    разширявам стопански връзки expand economic ties
    разширявам производството на enlarge/expand the production of
    разширявам пределите (на научна област и пр.) enlarge the limits of, extend the boundaries of, widen the bounds of
    разширявам дейността си extend o.'s activities
    разширявам значението на extend/amplify the meaning of
    разширявам умствения кръгозор на broaden the horizon of, widen the outlook of
    разширявам умствения ся кръгозор enlarge o.'s mind
    разширявам познанията си по improve/enlarge o.'s knowledge of
    разширявам правата на extend the rights of
    разширявам речника си widen/enlarge o.'s vocabulary
    разширявам търговия expand trade
    разширявам се widen, become wider, expand, broaden
    (за река) widen. spread out
    * * *
    разширя̀вам,
    гл.
    1. ( улица и пр.) widen, broaden; ( пристанище) expand; ( дреха) widen, let out; мед. dilate; физ. expand; \разширявам очи open o.’s eyes wide;
    2. прен. widen, broaden, extend, expand, enlarge; ( изводи и пр.) fill out; \разширявам дейността си extend o.’s activities; \разширявам значението на extend the meaning of; \разширявам познанията си по improve/enlarge o.’s knowledge of; \разширявам правата на extend the rights of; \разширявам пределите (на научна област и пр.) enlarge the limits of, extend the boundaries of, widen the bounds of; \разширявам умствения кръгозор на broaden the horizon of, widen the outlook of; \разширявам умствения си кръгозор enlarge o.’s mind;
    \разширявам се widen, become wider, expand, broaden; (за река) widen, spread out; разширяват се с носене (за обуща) stretch with wearing.
    * * *
    widen (улица и пр.); expand (и физ.), He разширявамs his business in Eastern Europe. - Той разширява бизнеса си в Източна Европа.; extend: разширявам frontiers - разширявам граници; stretch (за очертания); broaden; delocalize; enlarge{in`la;dj}: разширявам one's mind - разширявам кръгозора си
    * * *
    1. (дреха) widen, let out 2. (за река) widen. spread out 3. (изводи и пр.) fill out 4. (пристанище) expand 5. (улица и пр.) widen, broaden 6. РАЗШИРЯВАМ ce widen, become wider, expand, broaden 7. РАЗШИРЯВАМ влиянието/връзките си extend o.'s influence/ties 8. РАЗШИРЯВАМ границите на extend/expand/enlarge/broaden the frontiers/boundaries of 9. РАЗШИРЯВАМ дейността си extend o.'s activities 10. РАЗШИРЯВАМ значението на extend/amplify the meaning of 11. РАЗШИРЯВАМ очи open o. 's eyes wide 12. РАЗШИРЯВАМ познанията си по improve/enlarge o.'s knowledge of 13. РАЗШИРЯВАМ правата на extend the rights of 14. РАЗШИРЯВАМ пределите (на научна област и пр.) enlarge the limits of, extend the boundaries of, widen the bounds of 15. РАЗШИРЯВАМ производството на enlarge/ expand the production of 16. РАЗШИРЯВАМ речника си widen/enlarge o.'s vocabulary 17. РАЗШИРЯВАМ стопански връзки expand economic ties 18. РАЗШИРЯВАМ търговия expand trade 19. РАЗШИРЯВАМ умствения кръгозор на broaden the horizon of, widen the outlook of 20. РАЗШИРЯВАМ умствения ся кръгозор enlarge o.'s mind 21. мед. dilate 22. прен. widen, broaden, extend, expand, enlarge 23. разширяват се с носене (за обуща) stretch with wearing 24. физ. expand

    Български-английски речник > разширявам

  • 12 grow

    ɡrəu
    past tense - grew; verb
    1) ((of plants) to develop: Carrots grow well in this soil.) crecer
    2) (to become bigger, longer etc: My hair has grown too long; Our friendship grew as time went on.) crecer
    3) (to cause or allow to grow: He has grown a beard.) dejarse
    4) ((with into) to change into, in becoming mature: Your daughter has grown into a beautiful woman.) hacerse, convertirse en
    5) (to become: It's growing dark.) hacerse
    - grown
    - growth
    - grown-up
    - grown-up
    - grow on
    - grow up

    grow vb
    1. crecer
    2. cultivar
    3. dejar crecer
    tr[grəʊ]
    intransitive verb (pt grew tr[grʊː], pp grown tr[grəʊn])
    1 (gen) crecer
    hasn't your hair grown! ¡cómo te ha crecido el pelo!
    2 (increase, expand - quantity, population) aumentar; (city, company, money) crecer
    3 (become) hacerse, volverse
    it grew dark oscureció, anocheció, se hizo de noche
    1 (crop, plant, flower) cultivar
    2 (beard etc) dejarse (crecer); (hair, nails) dejarse crecer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    money doesn't grow on trees el dinero no cae del cielo
    grow ['gro:] v, grew ['gru:] ; grown ['gro:n] ; growing vi
    1) : crecer
    palm trees grow on the islands: las palmas crecen en las islas
    my hair grows very fast: mi pelo crece muy rápido
    2) develop, mature: desarrollarse, madurar
    3) increase: crecer, aumentar
    4) become: hacerse, volverse, ponerse
    she was growing angry: se estaba poniendo furiosa
    to grow dark: oscurecerse
    5)
    to grow up : hacerse mayor
    grow up!: ¡no seas niño!
    grow vt
    1) cultivate, raise: cultivar
    2) : dejar crecer
    to grow one's hair: dejarse crecer el pelo
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: grew, grown) = acrecentar v.
    brotar v.
    crecer v.
    criar v.
    cultivar v.
    desarrollarse v.
    medrar v.
    producir v.
    (§pres: produzco, produces...) pret: produj-•)
    grəʊ
    1.
    (past grew; past p grown) intransitive verb
    1) ( get bigger) \<\<plant/person\>\> crecer*; ( develop emotionally) madurar; (expand, increase) \<\<city/company\>\> crecer*; \<\<quantity/population/membership\>\> aumentar; \<\<suspicion/influence\>\> crecer*, aumentar

    how you've grown! — qué grande estás!, cómo has crecido!

    to grow in popularity — crecer* or aumentar en popularidad

    2)
    a) ( become)

    to grow careless — volverse* descuidado

    to grow dark — oscurecerse*; ( at dusk) oscurecer*, anochecer*

    to grow old — envejecer*, volverse* viejo

    b) ( get)

    to grow to + INF: she grew to love him llegó a quererlo, se fue enamorando de él; she'd grown to expect that of him — se había acostumbrado a esperar eso de él


    2.
    vt
    a) ( cultivate) \<\<flowers/plants/crops\>\> cultivar
    b)

    to grow a beard/mustache — dejarse (crecer) la barba/el bigote

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [ɡrǝʊ] (pt grew) (pp grown)
    1. VI
    1) [plant, hair, person, animal] crecer

    how you've grown! — ¡cómo has crecido!

    she's letting her hair grow — se está dejando crecer el pelo, se está dejando el pelo largo

    will it grow here? — ¿se puede cultivar aquí?

    to grow to or into manhood — llegar a la edad adulta

    2) (=increase) (in number, amount) aumentar

    the number of unemployed has grown by more than 10,000 — el número de parados ha aumentado en más de 10.000

    opposition grew and the government agreed to negotiate — la oposición cobró más fuerza y el gobierno decidió entrar en negociaciones

    3) (=develop) [friendship, love] desarrollarse; [person] madurar
    4) (with adjective) (=become) volverse, ponerse, hacerse (but often translated by vi or reflexive)

    our eyes gradually grew accustomed to the light — los ojos se nos fueron acostumbrando a la luz

    to grow angryenfadarse

    the light grew brighterla luz se hizo más intensa

    to grow cold, the coffee had grown cold — el café se había enfriado

    it's grown a lot colder, hasn't it? — ha enfriado mucho ¿verdad?

    to grow dark (gen) oscurecer; (at dusk) oscurecer, anochecer

    to grow fatengordar

    her eyes grew heavyse le cerraban los ojos

    she has grown quite knowledgeable on the subject — ha aprendido mucho sobre el tema

    the noise grew louderel ruido aumentó de volumen

    to grow oldenvejecer(se)

    he grew tired of waiting — se cansó de esperar

    to grow used to sth — acostumbrarse a algo

    she grew weaker with each passing day — se fue debilitando día tras día

    to grow worse, the housing shortage is growing worse — la escasez de viviendas es cada vez mayor

    she grew worse that day and died during the nightese día se puso peor or su condición empeoró y murió durante la noche

    5)

    to grow to like sb — llegar a querer a algn, encariñarse con algn

    2. VT
    1) [+ plant, crop] cultivar

    I grow my own vegetables — tengo mi propio huerto, cultivo mis verduras

    2) [+ hair, beard, moustache, nails] dejarse crecer

    she has grown her hair long — se ha dejado el pelo largo, se ha dejado crecer el pelo

    * * *
    [grəʊ]
    1.
    (past grew; past p grown) intransitive verb
    1) ( get bigger) \<\<plant/person\>\> crecer*; ( develop emotionally) madurar; (expand, increase) \<\<city/company\>\> crecer*; \<\<quantity/population/membership\>\> aumentar; \<\<suspicion/influence\>\> crecer*, aumentar

    how you've grown! — qué grande estás!, cómo has crecido!

    to grow in popularity — crecer* or aumentar en popularidad

    2)
    a) ( become)

    to grow careless — volverse* descuidado

    to grow dark — oscurecerse*; ( at dusk) oscurecer*, anochecer*

    to grow old — envejecer*, volverse* viejo

    b) ( get)

    to grow to + INF: she grew to love him llegó a quererlo, se fue enamorando de él; she'd grown to expect that of him — se había acostumbrado a esperar eso de él


    2.
    vt
    a) ( cultivate) \<\<flowers/plants/crops\>\> cultivar
    b)

    to grow a beard/mustache — dejarse (crecer) la barba/el bigote

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > grow

  • 13 amplio

    adj.
    1 ample, extensive, broad, roomy.
    2 ample, generous, broad, free-handed.
    3 wide, diverse, varied.
    4 liberal-minded, liberal, tolerant, all-round.
    5 spacious, capacious.
    6 free-ranging.
    * * *
    1 (extenso) large
    2 (espacioso) roomy, spacious
    3 (ancho) wide, broad
    4 (holgado) loose
    \
    en el sentido más amplio de la palabra in the broadest sense of the word
    * * *
    (f. - amplia)
    adj.
    ample, wide, spacious
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=espacioso) [habitación, interior] spacious; [avenida, calle] wide
    2) [ropa] loose(-fitting), roomy *; [falda] full
    3) [margen] wide
    4) [conocimiento, vocabulario, poder, gama] wide, extensive

    un amplio surtido de productosa wide o extensive range of products

    5) [sentido] broad
    6) [repercusión] far-reaching

    la noticia tuvo amplia difusión o amplio eco en la prensa — the news was widely o extensively reported

    7) [informe] full, detailed
    * * *
    - plia adjetivo
    a) <calle/valle/margen> wide; < casa> spacious; <vestido/abrigo> loose-fitting
    b) <criterio/sentido> broad
    c) <garantías/programa> comprehensive
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], extensive, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], wide-sweeping, widespread, broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], airy [airier -comp., airiest -sup.], ample, capacious, widespan, wide-reaching, expansive, extended, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], wide-angle(d), loose fit, roomy [roomier -comp., roomiest -sup.].
    Ex. If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.
    Ex. The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex. Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex. Surely these innovations already have and will continue to bring deep and wide-sweeping change to our profession - and because of their rapidity, these changes will be sudden and often tumultuous.
    Ex. Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. In the questionnaire young people answered that the bookshops in their town were airy, well-lit and very pleasant shops to visit.
    Ex. The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex. This is an efficient method of storing large amounts of programs and data, which is faster, more reliable and much more capacious than the floppy disc.
    Ex. With no other type of structure is it possible to obtain clear, widespan coverage of almost unlimited areas, translucency to permit uniform daylight, and transportability or relocatability.
    Ex. Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex. The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex. The brief abstracts and extended abstracts of papers, not published in full in the proceedings, are excluded.
    Ex. Located in an isolated section of the Southwest, Los Pasos sits under the brassy sun on a wide plain below a low range of hills.
    Ex. Except for the principal no one besides the librarian has such a wide-angle view of the school's instructional programme.
    Ex. His offices and warehouses were one of the first designs which was subsequently described as loose fit, low energy building.
    Ex. With roomy interiors and flexible seating, minivans are some of the most versatile vehicles for carrying passengers and cargo.
    ----
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * demasiado amplio = overwide [over-wide].
    * desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en su sentido más amplio = in its/their broadest sense, in its/their widest sense.
    * en un sentido más amplio = in a broader sense, in a larger sense.
    * horario de apertura más amplio = extended hours.
    * una amplia gama de = a wide variety of, a wide range of, a broad variety of, a broad range of.
    * una amplia variedad de = a broad variety of, a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    - plia adjetivo
    a) <calle/valle/margen> wide; < casa> spacious; <vestido/abrigo> loose-fitting
    b) <criterio/sentido> broad
    c) <garantías/programa> comprehensive
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], extensive, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], wide-sweeping, widespread, broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], airy [airier -comp., airiest -sup.], ample, capacious, widespan, wide-reaching, expansive, extended, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], wide-angle(d), loose fit, roomy [roomier -comp., roomiest -sup.].

    Ex: If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.

    Ex: The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex: Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex: Surely these innovations already have and will continue to bring deep and wide-sweeping change to our profession - and because of their rapidity, these changes will be sudden and often tumultuous.
    Ex: Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: In the questionnaire young people answered that the bookshops in their town were airy, well-lit and very pleasant shops to visit.
    Ex: The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex: This is an efficient method of storing large amounts of programs and data, which is faster, more reliable and much more capacious than the floppy disc.
    Ex: With no other type of structure is it possible to obtain clear, widespan coverage of almost unlimited areas, translucency to permit uniform daylight, and transportability or relocatability.
    Ex: Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex: The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex: The brief abstracts and extended abstracts of papers, not published in full in the proceedings, are excluded.
    Ex: Located in an isolated section of the Southwest, Los Pasos sits under the brassy sun on a wide plain below a low range of hills.
    Ex: Except for the principal no one besides the librarian has such a wide-angle view of the school's instructional programme.
    Ex: His offices and warehouses were one of the first designs which was subsequently described as loose fit, low energy building.
    Ex: With roomy interiors and flexible seating, minivans are some of the most versatile vehicles for carrying passengers and cargo.
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * demasiado amplio = overwide [over-wide].
    * desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en su sentido más amplio = in its/their broadest sense, in its/their widest sense.
    * en un sentido más amplio = in a broader sense, in a larger sense.
    * horario de apertura más amplio = extended hours.
    * una amplia gama de = a wide variety of, a wide range of, a broad variety of, a broad range of.
    * una amplia variedad de = a broad variety of, a wide range of, a broad range of.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    1 ‹calle› wide; ‹valle› wide, broad; ‹casa› spacious; ‹vestido/abrigo› loose-fitting; ‹falda/manga› full
    con una amplia sonrisa with a broad smile
    2 ‹criterio› broad; ‹margen› wide
    en el sentido amplio de la palabra in the broad sense of the word
    por amplia mayoría by a large majority
    tiene amplias facultades para decidir sobre este punto he has full authority to make a decision on this point
    una amplia gama de colores a wide range of colors
    les ofrecemos las más amplias garantías we offer comprehensive guarantees o the fullest possible guarantees
    un tema que tuvo una amplia difusión an issue that received wide media coverage
    un amplio programa de reformas a full o wide-ranging o comprehensive program of reforms
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ampliar: ( conjugate ampliar)

    amplío es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    amplió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ampliar    
    amplio
    ampliar ( conjugate ampliar) verbo transitivo
    a)local/carretera to extend;

    negocio to expand
    b)capital/personal to increase

    c)conocimientos/vocabulario to increase;

    explicación to expand (on);
    campo de acción to widen, broaden;

    d)plazo/período to extend


    amplio
    ◊ - plia adjetivo

    a)calle/valle/margen wide;

    casa spacious;
    vestido/abrigo loose-fitting;
    sonrisa broad
    b)criterio/sentido broad;


    una amplia gama de colores a wide range of colors
    c)garantías/programa comprehensive

    ampliar verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer más largo un plazo) to extend
    2 (hacer más grande un edificio) to enlarge
    3 (extender un negocio) to expand
    4 (una fotografía) to enlarge, to blow up
    5 (el campo de acción) to widen: los sindicatos proponen ampliar las sanciones a los defraudadores, the unions propose greater penalties for those committing fraud
    amplio,-a adjetivo
    1 large, roomy
    2 (ancho, profundo, variado) wide, broad ➣ Ver nota en ancho
    ' amplio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amplia
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - dilatada
    - dilatado
    - espectro
    - nave
    English:
    ample
    - extensive
    - large
    - roomy
    - spacious
    - sweep
    - vocabulary
    - wide
    - all
    - broad
    - comfortable
    - smock
    - sweeping
    * * *
    amplio, -a adj
    1. [grande] [sala, maletero] roomy, spacious;
    [avenida] wide;
    una amplio sonrisa a broad smile
    2. [ropa] loose
    3. [extenso] [explicación, cobertura] comprehensive;
    [ventaja, capacidad] considerable;
    en el sentido más amplio de la palabra in the broadest sense of the word;
    ganaron por una amplia mayoría they won with a large majority;
    hubo un amplio consenso there was a broad consensus;
    ofrecen una amplia gama de servicios they offer a wide range of services;
    gozan de una amplia aceptación they enjoy widespread approval;
    tiene una amplia experiencia she has wide-ranging experience
    4. [abierto]
    una persona de amplias miras o [m5] amplia de miras a broad-minded person
    * * *
    adj casa spacious; gama, margen wide; falda full
    * * *
    amplio, - plia adj
    : broad, wide, ample
    ampliamente adj
    * * *
    amplio adj
    1. (gama, margen) wide
    2. (valor, cantidad) large
    3. (espacioso) spacious
    4. (ropa) baggy [comp. baggier; superl. baggiest] / loose

    Spanish-English dictionary > amplio

  • 14 eingehen

    (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    I v/i
    1. Kleidung: shrink
    2. Tier, Pflanze: die (an + Dat of); dabei geht man ja ein! umg., bei großer Anstrengung etc.: it’s enough to finish you off; bei dieser Hitze oder diesen Temperaturen geht man ja ein this heat kills oder these temperatures kill you; ich gehe noch oder fast ein vor Durst / Hitze etc. umg. I’m dying of thirst / heat etc.
    3. umg., fig. Firma, Zeitung: fold, go under
    4. umg., fig. (einen Misserfolg erleiden) come to grief; auch come a cropper ( bei with)
    5. eingehen auf (+ Akk) (Interesse zeigen für) show an interest in; (sich befassen mit) deal with; auf eine Frage etc.: go into; auf einen Scherz etc.: go along with; auf einen Plan etc.: accept; auf jemanden eingehen respond to; zuhörend: listen to; nachsichtig: humo(u)r; auf die Frage (+ Gen) eingehen auch address the issue of; näher eingehen auf elaborate on, expand on, amplify; ( überhaupt) nicht eingehen auf auch ignore (completely); darauf will ich jetzt nicht eingehen I don’t want to go into that now
    6. WIRTS., Amtsspr. (eintreffen) Geld, Post, Waren: come in, arrive; ist mein Schreiben bei Ihnen eingegangen? have you received my letter?
    7. eingehen in (+ Akk) (Eingang finden) enter; in die Annalen oder Geschichte eingehen go down in history; in das Reich Gottes eingehen enter the Kingdom of God; sind diese Überlegungen in Ihren Artikel / in die Planung eingegangen? have these considerations found a place in your article / been taken up in the plans?
    8. umg.: das will mir nicht eingehen! (ich verstehe es nicht) I can’t grasp it; es will ihm nicht eingehen, dass... (er will es nicht wahrhaben) he can’t accept (the fact) that..., he can’t come to terms with the fact that...
    II v/t
    1. (Vertrag) enter into; (Verpflichtung etc.) take on; (Risiko) take; (Wette) make; (Kompromiss) accept; einen Vergleich eingehen come to an arrangement; mit Gläubigern: reach a settlement, compound fachspr.; die Ehe eingehen mit geh. enter into marriage with; darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein I bet you anything that’ll happen
    2. CHEM. (Verbindung) form; (Reaktion) undergo
    * * *
    (Pflanze) to perish; to die;
    (Verpflichtung) to enter into
    * * *
    ein|ge|hen sep irreg aux sein
    1. vi
    1) (= ankommen) (Briefe, Waren etc) to arrive, to be received; (Meldung, Spenden, Bewerbungen) to come in, to be received

    éíngehende Post/Waren — incoming mail/goods

    eingegangene Post/Spenden — mail/donations received

    2) (old = eintreten) to enter (
    in +acc into= Aufnahme finden Wort, Sitte) to be adopted ( in +acc in)

    in die Geschichte éíngehen — to go down in (the annals of) history

    in die Unsterblichkeit éíngehen — to attain immortality

    zur ewigen Ruhe or in den ewigen Frieden éíngehen — to go to (one's) rest

    3)

    wann wird es dir endlich éíngehen, dass...? — when will it finally sink in or when will you finally understand that...?

    es will mir einfach nicht éíngehen, wie... — it's beyond me how..., I just cannot understand how...

    4)

    (= wirken) diese Musik geht einem leicht ein — this music is very catchy

    diese Worte gingen ihm glatt einthese words were music to his ears

    5) (fig = einfließen) to leave its mark, to have some influence (
    in +acc on)
    6) (=einlaufen Stoff) to shrink
    7) (=sterben Tiere, Pflanze) to die (
    an +dat of inf Firma etc) to fold

    bei dieser Hitze/Kälte geht man ja ein! (inf) — this heat/cold is just too much (inf) or is killing (inf)

    8)

    niemand ging auf meine Frage/mich ein — nobody took any notice of my question/me

    9)

    (= sich widmen, einfühlen) auf jdn/etw éíngehen — to give (one's) time and attention to sb/sth

    10)

    (= zustimmen) auf einen Vorschlag/Plan éíngehen — to agree to or fall in with a suggestion/plan

    2. vt
    (= abmachen, abschließen) to enter into; Risiko to take; Wette to make

    er gewinnt, darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein — I bet you anything he wins

    einen Vergleich éíngehen (Jur)to reach a settlement

    * * *
    ein|ge·hen
    I. vi Hilfsverb: sein
    in etw akk \eingehen to find one's way into sth
    in die Annalen/in die Geschichte \eingehen to go down in the annals/in history
    in die Ewigkeit \eingehen to pass into eternity
    in das Reich Gottes \eingehen to enter the kingdom of Heaven
    zur ewigen Ruhe \eingehen to go to one's rest
    2. (ankommen) to arrive; (zugestellt werden) to be received
    der anonyme Anruf ging heute Morgen in der Schule ein the school received the anonymous call this morning
    \eingehende Anrufe/Post/Waren incoming calls/mail/goods
    eingegangene Spenden donations received
    etw geht bei jdm ein sb receives sth
    sämtliche Bestellungen, die bei uns \eingehen, werden sofort bearbeitet all orders we receive are processed immediately
    soeben geht bei mir eine wichtige Meldung ein I'm just receiving an important report
    3. FIN (gutgeschrieben werden) to arrive, to be received
    auf etw dat \eingehen to be paid in sth
    die Miete für diesen Monat ist auf meinem Konto immer noch nicht eingegangen this month's rent has still not been paid into my account yet
    etw geht bei jdm ein sb receives sth
    wann ist das Geld bei dir eingegangen? when did your receive the money?
    4. (sterben) to die
    es ist unglaublich schwül hier drinnen, ich geh noch ein! (fam) the closeness in here is killing me!
    in dieser langweiligen Umgebung würde ich \eingehen (fam) I would die of boredom in this environment
    an etw dat \eingehen to die of [or from] sth
    6. (fam: scheitern) to come a cropper fam
    sie sind gegen die Mannschaft aus Venezuela ganz schön eingegangen they really came a cropper against the team from Venezuela
    jdm \eingehen to be grasped by sb
    diese Argumente gehen einem leicht ein these arguments can be easily grasped
    ihm will es nicht \eingehen he can't [or fails to] grasp it
    es will mir einfach nicht \eingehen, wieso I just can't see why
    8. (fam: positiv aufgenommen werden) to go down well fam
    das Lob ging ihr glatt ein the praise went down well with her fam, she was pleased about the praise
    9. (einlaufen) to shrink
    die Sofabezüge sind mir bei der Wäsche eingegangen the sofa covers shrank in the wash
    auf jdn \eingehen to pay some attention to sb
    auf etw akk \eingehen to deal with [or go into] sth
    du gehst überhaupt nicht auf deine Kinder ein you don't pay your kids any attention
    auf diesen Punkt gehe ich zum Schluss noch näher ein I would like to deal with [or go into] this point in more detail at the end
    er ging nicht auf meine Frage ein he ignored my question
    11. (sich einlassen)
    auf etw akk \eingehen to accept sth; (zustimmen) to agree to sth
    auf ein Geschäft \eingehen to agree to a deal
    auf jds Vorschlag eingehen to accept sb's suggestion
    II. vt Hilfsverb: sein
    etw \eingehen to enter into sth
    ein Risiko \eingehen to take a risk
    eine Verpflichtung \eingehen to enter into an obligation
    eine Wette \eingehen to make a bet
    ich gehe jede Wette ein, dass er wieder zu spät kommt I'll bet [you] anything [you like] that he'll arrive late again
    etw [mit jdm] \eingehen to enter into sth [with sb]
    [mit jdm] ein Bündnis \eingehen to enter into alliance [with sb]
    einen Vergleich \eingehen to reach a settlement
    einen Vertrag [mit jdm] \eingehen to enter into contract [with sb]
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (eintreffen) arrive; be received
    2) (fig.)

    in die Weltliteratur eingehen — find one's/its place in world literature

    3) (schrumpfen) shrink
    4)

    auf eine Frage/ein Problem eingehen/nicht eingehen — go into or deal with/ignore a question/problem

    auf ein Angebot eingehen/nicht eingehen — accept/reject an offer

    5) (sterben) die
    6) (bankrott gehen) close down
    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb enter into <contract, matrimony>; take < risk>; accept < obligation>

    darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein(ugs.) I'll bet you anything on that (coll.)

    * * *
    eingehen (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)
    A. v/i
    1. Kleidung: shrink
    2. Tier, Pflanze: die (
    an +dat of);
    dabei geht man ja ein! umg, bei großer Anstrengung etc: it’s enough to finish you off;
    diesen Temperaturen geht man ja ein this heat kills oder these temperatures kill you;
    fast ein vor Durst/Hitze etc umg I’m dying of thirst/heat etc
    3. umg, fig Firma, Zeitung: fold, go under
    4. umg, fig (einen Misserfolg erleiden) come to grief; auch come a cropper (
    bei with)
    5.
    eingehen auf (+akk) (Interesse zeigen für) show an interest in; (sich befassen mit) deal with; auf eine Frage etc: go into; auf einen Scherz etc: go along with; auf einen Plan etc: accept;
    eingehen respond to; zuhörend: listen to; nachsichtig: humo(u)r;
    auf die Frage (+gen)
    eingehen auch address the issue of;
    näher eingehen auf elaborate on, expand on, amplify;
    (überhaupt) nicht eingehen auf auch ignore (completely);
    darauf will ich jetzt nicht eingehen I don’t want to go into that now
    6. WIRTSCH, ADMIN (eintreffen) Geld, Post, Waren: come in, arrive;
    ist mein Schreiben bei Ihnen eingegangen? have you received my letter?
    7.
    eingehen in (+akk) (Eingang finden) enter;
    Geschichte eingehen go down in history;
    in das Reich Gottes eingehen enter the Kingdom of God;
    sind diese Überlegungen in Ihren Artikel/in die Planung eingegangen? have these considerations found a place in your article/been taken up in the plans?
    8. umg:
    das will mir nicht eingehen! (ich verstehe es nicht) I can’t grasp it;
    es will ihm nicht eingehen, dass … (er will es nicht wahrhaben) he can’t accept (the fact) that …, he can’t come to terms with the fact that …
    B. v/t
    1. (Vertrag) enter into; (Verpflichtung etc) take on; (Risiko) take; (Wette) make; (Kompromiss) accept;
    einen Vergleich eingehen come to an arrangement; mit Gläubigern: reach a settlement, compound fachspr;
    die Ehe eingehen mit geh enter into marriage with;
    darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein I bet you anything that’ll happen
    2. CHEM (Verbindung) form; (Reaktion) undergo
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (eintreffen) arrive; be received
    2) (fig.)

    in die Weltliteratur eingehen — find one's/its place in world literature

    3) (schrumpfen) shrink
    4)

    auf eine Frage/ein Problem eingehen/nicht eingehen — go into or deal with/ignore a question/problem

    auf ein Angebot eingehen/nicht eingehen — accept/reject an offer

    5) (sterben) die
    6) (bankrott gehen) close down
    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb enter into <contract, matrimony>; take < risk>; accept < obligation>

    darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein(ugs.) I'll bet you anything on that (coll.)

    * * *
    (Kleidung) v.
    to shrink v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: shrank, shrunk) (Pflanze, Tier) v.
    to die v. (Waren, Post) v.
    to arrive v.
    to come in v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > eingehen

  • 15 extend

    1. transitive verb
    1) (stretch out) ausstrecken [Arm, Bein, Hand]; ausziehen [Leiter, Teleskop]; ausbreiten [Flügel]
    2) (make longer) (in space) verlängern; ausdehnen [Grenze]; ausbauen [Bahnlinie, Straße]; (in time) verlängern; verlängern lassen [Leihbuch, Visum]

    extend the time limitden Termin hinausschieben

    3) (enlarge) ausdehnen [Einfluss, Macht]; erweitern [Wissen, Wortschatz, Bedeutung, Freundeskreis, Besitz, Geschäft]; ausbauen, vergrößern [Haus, Geschäft]
    4) (offer) gewähren, zuteil werden lassen [[Gast]freundschaft, Schutz, Hilfe, Kredit] (to Dat.); (accord) aussprechen [Dank, Einladung, Glückwunsch] (to Dat.); ausrichten [Gruß] (to Dat.)
    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    [ik'stend]
    1) (to make longer or larger: He extended his vegetable garden.) ausdehnen
    2) (to reach or stretch: The school grounds extend as far as this fence.) sich erstrecken
    3) (to hold out or stretch out (a limb etc): He extended his hand to her.) ausstrecken
    4) (to offer: May I extend a welcome to you all?) anbieten
    - academic.ru/25901/extension">extension
    - extensive
    * * *
    ex·tend
    [ɪkˈstend, ekˈ-]
    I. vt
    1. (stretch out)
    to \extend sth etw ausstrecken
    to \extend one's fingers seine Finger ausstrecken
    to \extend one's hand to sb jdm die Hand entgegenstrecken [o geh reichen]
    to \extend a line/rope eine Leine/ein Seil spannen
    2. (prolong)
    to \extend sth credit, visa etw verlängern
    to \extend sth etw verlängern; ladder, table etw ausziehen; landing gear etw ausfahren; sofa etw ausklappen
    4. (expand)
    to \extend sth etw erweitern [o vergrößern]; influence, business etw ausdehnen [o ausbauen
    to \extend sth etw vergrößern [o verstärken]
    to \extend public awareness of sth die Öffentlichkeit für etw akk sensibilisieren
    to \extend one's commitment seine Bemühungen verstärken, sich akk stärker engagieren
    6. (build)
    to \extend sth [to sth] etw [an etw akk] anbauen
    to \extend one's house sein Haus ausbauen
    to \extend a road/track eine Straße/Fahrspur ausbauen
    to \extend sth to sb jdm etw erweisen [o zuteilwerden lassen]; credit, protection jdm etw gewähren [o SCHWEIZ a. zusprechen]
    to \extend money to sb FIN jdm Geld zur Verfügung stellen
    to \extend one's thanks to sb jdm seinen Dank aussprechen
    to \extend a welcome to sb jdn willkommen heißen
    8. (strain)
    to \extend sb jdn [bis an seine Leistungsgrenze] fordern
    to \extend oneself sich akk verausgaben
    II. vi
    1. (stretch) sich akk erstrecken, sich akk ausdehnen; over period of time sich akk hinziehen pej, dauern
    the fields \extend into the distance die Felder dehnen sich bis in die Ferne aus
    rain is expected to \extend to all parts of the country by this evening bis heute Abend soll der Regen alle Landesteile erreicht haben
    the last party \extended throughout the night die letzte Party dauerte die ganze Nacht
    to \extend beyond sth über etw akk hinausgehen
    to \extend for miles sich akk meilenweit hinziehen
    2. (include) sich erstrecken
    to \extend to sb/sth restrictions für jdn/etw gelten
    his concern doesn't \extend as far as actually doing something seine Besorgnis geht nicht so weit, dass er tatsächlich etwas unternimmt
    * * *
    [ɪk'stend]
    1. vt
    1) (= stretch out) arms ausstrecken
    2) (= prolong) street, line, visit, passport, holidays, deadline, lease verlängern
    3) (= enlarge) research, powers, franchise ausdehnen, erweitern; knowledge erweitern, vergrößern; influence ausbauen; scheme ausweiten; house anbauen an (+acc); property vergrößern, erweitern; limits erweitern; frontiers of a country ausdehnen

    in an extended sense of the termim weiteren Sinne des Wortes

    4) (= offer) (to sb jdm) help gewähren; hospitality, friendship erweisen; invitation, thanks, condolences, congratulations aussprechen
    5) (usu pass = make demands on) person, pupil, athlete fordern
    2. vi
    1) (wall, estate, garden) sich erstrecken, sich ausdehnen (to, as far as bis); (ladder, table) sich ausziehen lassen; (meetings etc over period of time) sich ausdehnen or hinziehen

    a career that extended from 1974 to 1990 — eine Laufbahn, die sich von 1974 bis 1990 erstreckte

    2)

    (= reach to) enthusiasm which extends even to the children — Begeisterung, die sich sogar auf die Kinder überträgt

    * * *
    extend [ıkˈstend]
    A v/t
    1. (aus)dehnen, (-)weiten
    2. a) verlängern
    b) eine Leiter etc ausziehen
    3. eine Produktionsanlage etc vergrößern, erweitern, ausbauen:
    extend one’s horizons seinen Horizont erweitern;
    extend one’s lead SPORT seinen Vorsprung ausbauen
    4. ein Seil etc ziehen, führen, spannen ( alle:
    round um)
    5. ausstrecken (one’s hand die Hand)
    6. Nahrungsmittel etc strecken ( with mit)
    7. fig fort-, weiterführen, einen Besuch, seine Macht ausdehnen (to auf akk), eine Frist, einen Pass, einen Vertrag etc verlängern, WIRTSCH auch prolongieren, ein Angebot etc aufrechterhalten:
    have one’s passport extended seinen Pass verlängern lassen; bedtime
    8. (to, toward[s] dat)
    a) eine Gunst, Hilfe gewähren, Gutes erweisen
    b) seinen Dank, Glückwunsch etc aussprechen:
    extend an invitation to(wards) sb jemandem eine Einladung schicken, jemanden einladen
    c) einen Gruß entbieten
    a) gerichtlich abschätzen
    b) pfänden
    10. Abkürzungen (voll) ausschreiben, Kurzschrift (in Langschrift) übertragen
    11. SPORT das Letzte aus einem Pferd herausholen, voll ausreiten:
    extend o.s. sich völlig ausgeben oder verausgaben
    12. FLUG das Fahrgestell ausfahren
    13. MIL ausschwärmen lassen
    14. Buchhaltung: übertragen
    B v/i
    1. sich ausdehnen, sich erstrecken, reichen ( alle:
    over über akk;
    to bis zu)
    2. sich (zeitlich) erstrecken oder hinziehen ( for über akk)
    3. a) hinausgehen ( beyond über akk)
    b) (heraus)ragen
    4. MIL ausschwärmen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (stretch out) ausstrecken [Arm, Bein, Hand]; ausziehen [Leiter, Teleskop]; ausbreiten [Flügel]
    2) (make longer) (in space) verlängern; ausdehnen [Grenze]; ausbauen [Bahnlinie, Straße]; (in time) verlängern; verlängern lassen [Leihbuch, Visum]
    3) (enlarge) ausdehnen [Einfluss, Macht]; erweitern [Wissen, Wortschatz, Bedeutung, Freundeskreis, Besitz, Geschäft]; ausbauen, vergrößern [Haus, Geschäft]
    4) (offer) gewähren, zuteil werden lassen [[Gast]freundschaft, Schutz, Hilfe, Kredit] (to Dat.); (accord) aussprechen [Dank, Einladung, Glückwunsch] (to Dat.); ausrichten [Gruß] (to Dat.)
    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    v.
    ausdehnen v.
    ausfahren (Leiter, Antenne) v.
    ausweiten v.
    erweitern v.
    vergrößern v.
    verlängern v.

    English-german dictionary > extend

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 Position

    Position f BÖRSE, FIN, PERS, V&M position auf letzter Position GEN in last position eine marktbeherrschende Position aufbauen BÖRSE corner the market eine Position abwickeln BÖRSE liquidate a position eine Position eröffnen BÖRSE position eine Position glattstellen BÖRSE close out a position eine Position liquidieren BÖRSE liquidate a position eine Position schließen BÖRSE close out a position für eine Position in Betracht gezogen werden PERS be considered for a post (Bewerbung) seine Position halten GEN stand one’s ground
    * * *
    f <Börse, Finanz, Person, V&M> position ■ eine marktbeherrschende Position aufbauen < Börse> corner the market ■ eine Position abwickeln < Börse> liquidate a position ■ eine Position eröffnen < Börse> position ■ eine Position glattstellen < Börse> close out a position ■ eine Position liquidieren < Börse> liquidate a position ■ eine Position schließen < Börse> close out a position ■ für eine Position in Betracht gezogen werden < Person> Bewerbung be considered for a post ■ seine Position halten < Geschäft> stand one's ground
    * * *
    Position
    position, post, employment, job, (in Aufstellung) item, (Buchung) entry, (Rang) standing, status, station, repute;
    jds. Position entsprechend suitable to s. one’s station;
    in einer hohen Position in a high place (position);
    ausbaufähige Position position with good prospects;
    außenwirtschaftliche Position external position;
    berufliche Position job status;
    einflussreiche Position position of influence, purchase;
    einträgliche (ertragreiche) Position lucrative position;
    führende Position leadership (high-paying) position;
    besonders geeignete Position niche;
    gehobene Position advanced position;
    geschäftliche Position station in business;
    kostenvergütete Position pay item;
    leitende Position policy-making (management, managerial) position;
    offene Position open item;
    verantwortliche Position position of responsibility;
    vertragliche Position contractual position;
    wirtschaftliche Position business standing;
    zurückgestellte Position (Bilanz) delayed item;
    Position ohne Aufstiegschancen dead-end job;
    Positionen unter dem Bilanzstrich items below the line in the balance sheet;
    Position auf der mittleren Führungsebene management appointments;
    Positionen für Führungskräfte management appointments;
    Positionen der Haussepartei long positions;
    Position gegenüber dem Weltwährungsfond position in the Fund;
    Position des Zolltarifs tariff heading;
    gewünschte Position angeben to state the position desired;
    nach Positionen aufgliedern to itemize;
    seine Position auf dem Weltmarkt weiter ausbauen to expand its position in the world market further;
    Position ausschreiben to throw a post open to competition;
    sich in einer abhängigen Position befinden to be in a subordinate position;
    im Wirtschaftsleben eine verantwortungsreiche Position bekleiden to hold a position of management responsibility in business;
    gute Position bekommen to drop into a position;
    j. in seiner Position belassen to maintain s. o. in his position;
    sich mit allen nur denkbaren Mitteln um eine Position bemühen to jockey for position;
    Position durch Einschaltung einer Beratungsfirma besetzen to fill a job through selection consultants;
    Position eines Schiffes bestimmen to fix a ship’s position, to take a ship’s bearings;
    sich um eine Position bewerben to apply for a position, to go in for an appointment;
    bescheidene Position einnehmen to occupy a humble station;
    führende Position einnehmen to hold a high-level position;
    verantwortungsvolle Position erhalten to move to a higher position (position of greater responsibility);
    Position eines Generaldirektors erhalten to be given a post as general manager;
    höchst mögliche berufliche Position erreichen to wind up in a top-policy position;
    an einer Position festhalten to stick to a job;
    seine Position festigen to strengthen one’s position;
    einflussreiche Position gewinnen to make one’s mark;
    starke Position haben to be in a strong position;
    hohe Position innehaben to be high up the stick;
    führende Position in der Welt innehaben to be a world leader;
    als Einziger für eine Position infrage kommen to be the only possible man for a position;
    Position schwächen to undermine a position;
    in einer angesehenen Position sein to be of good standing;
    für eine Position nicht geeignet sein to be ineligible for a position;
    für eine Position völlig (gänzlich) ungeeignet (fehl am Platze) sein to be a square peg in a round hole;
    einige Positionen streichen to cancel several items;
    nach einer gesicherten Position trachten to desire status and security;
    seine Position seinen Beziehungen verdanken to owe one’s position to influence;
    seine Position reiner Protektion verdanken to get a job by push;
    seine Position mehr der Protektion als Verdiensten und Fähigkeiten verdanken to obtain one’s position more by favo(u)r than by merit and abilities;
    seine Position verstärken to strengthen one’s hand;
    j. für eine Position vorschlagen to nominate s. o. for a post;
    für eine Position nicht zugelassen werden to be excluded from a post.

    Business german-english dictionary > Position

  • 18 расширять

    несовер. - расширять;
    совер. - расширить( что-л.)
    1) widen, enlarge;
    broaden
    2) (увеличивать в числе, объеме и т.п.) extend, expand;
    increase, enlarge
    3) мед. dilate
    4) перен. (по содержанию) broaden, extend;
    expand
    , расширить (вн.)
    1. widen (smth.), broaden (smth.) ;
    ~ дорогу, улицу widen a road, a street;
    ~ отверстие enlarge an opening;

    2. (увеличивать в числе, объёме) increase (smth.), enlarge (smth.), expand (smth.) ;
    ~ ассортимент хлебных изделий increase the variety of breads;

    3. (делать более обширным) broaden (smth.), expand (smth.), extend (smth.) ;
    ~ кругозор broaden one`s outlook;
    ~ сферу влияния extend the sphere of influence;
    ~ся, расшириться
    4. widen;
    его глаза расширились his eyes widened;

    5. (увеличиваться) be* enlarged/expanded;

    6. (становиться более обширным) broaden, increase, become* wider;
    его кругозор расширился his outlook has broadened.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > расширять

  • 19 crecer

    v.
    1 to grow (persona, planta).
    La expectación crece con cada minuto Expectation grows with every minute.
    2 to grow longer.
    3 to rise.
    4 to rise, to increase (increase) (desempleo, valor).
    5 to wax (la luna).
    6 to grow up, to grow, to get bigger, to get big.
    Las plantas crecen con el agua Plants grow with water.
    7 to bulge, to rise up, to heave.
    El tumor crece The tumor bulges.
    8 to grow on.
    Le crecen pelos negros Black hairs grow on him.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 (persona, planta) to grow
    2 (incrementar) to increase, grow, get bigger
    3 (corriente, marea) to rise
    4 (luna) to wax
    5 (días) to get longer
    6 (en labor de punto) to add, increase
    1 (tomar mayor fuerza) to grow in confidence
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=desarrollarse) [animal, planta, objeto] to grow
    2) (=aumentar) [cantidad, producción, sentimiento] to grow; [gastos] to increase, rise; [inflación] to rise; [desempleo] to increase, grow, rise

    la economía española crecerá un 4% — the Spanish economy will grow by 4%

    3) (=extenderse) [ciudad] to grow; [río, marea] to rise; [luna] to wax
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( aumentar de tamaño)ser vivo/pelo/uñas to grow
    b) ( criarse) to grow up
    2) río to rise; ciudad to grow; luna to wax
    3)
    a) sentimiento/interés to grow; rumor to spread
    b) (en número, monto)

    la economía ha crecido un 4% — the economy has grown by 4%

    c) (en importancia, sabiduría)
    2.
    crecerse v pron

    crecerse ante algo/alguien: se crece ante el peligro — he rises to the occasion when faced with danger

    * * *
    = grow, wax, vegetate.
    Ex. Thus, for example, various books on growing different flowers should be close to one another when arranged on shelves in accordance with the classification scheme.
    Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.
    Ex. Plants vegetate on an 18/6 light cycle (18 hours of light, 6 hours of darkness).
    ----
    * arroyo + crecer = stream + swell.
    * crecer de modo exhuberante = grow + rampant.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * crecer en importancia, ganar cada vez más importancia, ir cada vez mejor, i = grow from + strength to strength.
    * crecer exhuberante = grow + rampant.
    * crecer salvaje = grow + rampant.
    * el dinero no crece en los árboles = money doesn't grow on trees.
    * que crece despacio = slowly growing.
    * que crece hacia dentro = ingrown.
    * riachuelo + crecer = stream + swell.
    * río + crecer = river + swell.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( aumentar de tamaño)ser vivo/pelo/uñas to grow
    b) ( criarse) to grow up
    2) río to rise; ciudad to grow; luna to wax
    3)
    a) sentimiento/interés to grow; rumor to spread
    b) (en número, monto)

    la economía ha crecido un 4% — the economy has grown by 4%

    c) (en importancia, sabiduría)
    2.
    crecerse v pron

    crecerse ante algo/alguien: se crece ante el peligro — he rises to the occasion when faced with danger

    * * *
    = grow, wax, vegetate.

    Ex: Thus, for example, various books on growing different flowers should be close to one another when arranged on shelves in accordance with the classification scheme.

    Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.
    Ex: Plants vegetate on an 18/6 light cycle (18 hours of light, 6 hours of darkness).
    * arroyo + crecer = stream + swell.
    * crecer de modo exhuberante = grow + rampant.
    * crecer en importancia = grow from + strength to strength, increase in + importance.
    * crecer en importancia, ganar cada vez más importancia, ir cada vez mejor, i = grow from + strength to strength.
    * crecer exhuberante = grow + rampant.
    * crecer salvaje = grow + rampant.
    * el dinero no crece en los árboles = money doesn't grow on trees.
    * que crece despacio = slowly growing.
    * que crece hacia dentro = ingrown.
    * riachuelo + crecer = stream + swell.
    * río + crecer = river + swell.

    * * *
    crecer [E3 ]
    vi
    A «niño/animal/planta» to grow; «pelo/uñas» to grow
    se está dejando crecer el pelo/las uñas she's letting her hair/nails grow, she's growing her hair/nails
    ha crecido mucho he's grown a lot
    han crecido rodeados de cariño they've grown up o they've been brought up in a loving atmosphere
    B
    1 «río» to rise
    2 «ciudad» to grow
    3 «luna» to wax
    C
    1 «sentimiento/interés» to grow; «rumor» to spread
    creció en la estima de todos he grew in everyone's estimation
    2
    (en número, monto): creced y multiplicaos ( Bib) go forth and multiply
    los sueldos no han crecido al mismo ritmo que la inflación wages have not kept pace with o risen at the same rate as inflation
    el número de parados sigue creciendo the number of unemployed continues to rise
    la economía ha crecido un 4% este año the economy has grown by 4% this year
    3 (en importancia, sabiduría) crecer EN algo to grow IN sth
    ha ido creciendo en hermosura she has continued to grow in beauty
    se creció hacia el final de la corrida his performance became more impressive toward(s) the end of the fight
    el equipo se crece en los partidos coperos the team rises to the challenge in cup games
    crecerse ANTE algo/algn:
    hay gente que se crece ante el peligro some people rise to the occasion o come into their own when faced with danger
    * * *

     

    crecer ( conjugate crecer) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) [ser vivo/pelo/uñas] to grow;




    2
    a) [ río] to rise;

    [ ciudad] to grow;
    [ luna] to wax
    b) [sentimiento/interés] to grow;

    [ rumor] to spread


    d) (en importancia, sabiduría) crecer en algo to grow in sth

    crecer verbo intransitivo
    1 to grow
    2 Astron la Luna está creciendo, the moon is waxing
    3 (la marea, un río) to rise
    4 (poner puntos al calcetar) to increase
    ' crecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desarrollarse
    - espuma
    - paralelo
    English:
    burgeon
    - deceive
    - develop
    - expand
    - flourish
    - grow
    - growing
    - mushroom
    - rise
    - shoot up
    - sprout
    - straggle
    - swell
    - thrive
    - deepen
    - increase
    - let
    - mount
    - shoot
    - wax
    * * *
    vi
    1. [persona, planta, pelo, ciudad] to grow
    2. [días, noches] to grow longer
    3. [río, marea] to rise
    4. [aumentar] [desempleo, inflación] to rise, to increase;
    [valor] to increase; [rumores] to spread; [descontento, interés] to grow
    5. [la Luna] to wax
    * * *
    v/i grow
    * * *
    crecer {53} vi
    1) : to grow
    2) : to increase
    * * *
    crecer vb
    1. to grow [pt. grew; pp. grown]
    2. (problema, preocupación) to increase / to get bigger
    3. (número, río, marea) to rise [pt. rose; pp. risen]
    4. (luna) to wax

    Spanish-English dictionary > crecer

  • 20 расширять

    расширить (вн.)
    1. widen (d.), broaden (d.)
    2. (увеличивать в числе, объёме) increase (d.), enlarge (d.), expand (d.)
    3. (делать более широким по содержанию, углублять) broaden (d.), extend (d.)

    расширять чей-л. кругозор — expand smb.'s horizon

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > расширять

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